Music in the Caribbean - 1264 Words

Music is â€Å"The art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and timbre† ( Farlex, Inc 2013). Caribbean music has its own unique history, is very diverse with each island having its own unique genre of music. With so many different types of music out there and different performing artists these artists are looking for ways to make money by becoming popular. Music in the Caribbean was first developed by the Neo Indians around 1600 the Neo Indians died taken their culture and music. Music then reemerged when the African slaves came to the Caribbean. The type of music the Africans brought was both lively and entertaining. The slaves found a rhythm in†¦show more content†¦Emphasized although the Caribbean is made up of different islands we must live as one to survive in this world, and to rally round each other in all our endeavors. Reggae music is produced in Jamaica and originated in the 1960; it is a style of dance music. Reggae’s has its roots in New Orleans rhythm and blues. However reggae changed to chanting and emphasized that syncopated beat. Reggae has a relationship with the Rastafarians both in the lyrics and the use of African nyah-bingi drumming style. The nyah-bingi drumming style mimics a heartbeat pattern (thump-thump, pause, thump-thump). Jamaica has produced many famous reggae artistes such as Bob Marley and Jimmy Cliff. Bob Marley’s music was inspirational to everyone who heard it; his influence upon the various populations still remains unparalleled. His music challenged colonialism and racism, in his song ‘One Drop’ which had a profound effect on many people and counties English speaking and non-English speaking. Even after death his music still inspires many, his legacy lives on through his sons Damian Marley and Ziggy Marley. Dance hall was born out of reggae music in the late 1970’s; it is the most popular form of music from Jamaica. There is a wide variety of artists and sub-genres present in the dance hall arena with slack lyrics, homophobia, and violence are very popular. Also music videos and stage performances with scantilyShow MoreRelatedCaribbean Music1076 Words   |  5 PagesCARIBBEAN MUSIC Introduction: Caribbean music originated from the Caribbean Islands, also known as the West Indies, and is a mixture of West African and European predominantly Spanish influences. The music has its origin when West African slaves were brought to Caribbean Island. They composed music with the help of percussion instruments like drums, bells and shakers. The music had unique musical style elements with special tempo-setting rhythms created by claves or bells, multi-layered andRead MoreMusic in the Caribbean3392 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿ Music in the Caribbean The genre of Caribbean Music encompasses a diverse variety of musical styles and traditions from islands that are located in the Caribbean Sea and it represents something that is simple, exotic yet rich and wonderful. The styles range anywhere from traditional folk genres such as the Puerto Rican aguinaldo and Jamaican mento to more contemporary music such as salsa and reggae. They are each syntheses of African, European, Indian and Indigenious influences, largely createdRead More Degradation of Women in Caribbean Music Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pagesattention, playing on their sense of eroticism. The sections titled â€Å"Music, Sex, Sexism† and â€Å"Woman Rising† within Peter Manuel’s text: Caribbean Currents, dive into the many issues surrounding gender within music as well as female portrayal specifically in calypso. Observations can be made simply by reading through the textual comparisons. Many aspects of this subject area allude to the fact that the is sue of gender portrayal in music can be construed differently depending on who the critical listenerRead MoreThe True Beauty Of Music1430 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The true beauty of music is that it connects people. It carries a message, and we the musicians are the messengers†. Music has been the source of comfort for many people around the world who are battling hardships; it helps connect people who share similar experiences and aspire to share the same message together. In the Caribbean region, they all shared some fundamental experiences; in particular, the history of slavery. Enslaved people suffered extreme punishments, diseases, poverty, and rapeRead MoreBrazil And Caribbean Culture Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesWithin Brazil and the Caribbean lies a racial mixture of cultures. Since the 1930s the people have, overall, enthusiastically adopted the notion that racial and cultural mixture defines this regions national identity (Samba 1). This region consists of a very historic background which has shaped the beliefs and customs of celebration, music and dance. Sugar cane was brought to the new worldRead More reggae music Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pages Reggae is the most internationally famous style of Caribbean music. Reggae, which is one of the world’s most influential music, was originated in Jamaica around the mid 1960’s. At first reggae was first performed by and for poor Jamaican’s, but quickly became popular throughout the Caribbean and around the world. Most reggae songs deal with social concerns and religious beliefs of the Afro-Caribbean awareness of the Rastafarian religion. The term reggae is also applied today to reggae’s precursorRead MoreEssay on History of Rumba, Merengue and Salsa1379 Words   |  6 PagesJamaican Rex Nettleford was correct when he said, â€Å"’dance was a primary instrument of survival’.† As such a vital part of cultural traditions, dance plays and integral role in the history culture. Three of the most influential styles of dance in the Caribbean are th e Rumba, The Merengue, and the Salsa. The word Rumba is defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary as â€Å"a ballroom dance of Haitian and Dominican origin in 2/4 time in which one foot is dragged on every step.† Here, however, Rumba is a collectionRead More An Overview of Reggae Music Essay1268 Words   |  6 Pagesgenre of music that originated in Jamaica during the late 1960s. It is known for the heavy and strong emphasis on the bass within the background beat. Reggae was perceived as a kind of music used to express feelings about the social, political, and economic hardships in Jamaica during the late 1960s and early 1970s. It was performed by musicians from black ghettos who used unhurried beats to make a style of music of their own. Reggae became an important part of the lifestyle of many Caribbean islanders;Read MoreCaribbean Culture Is Affected By Migration1334 Words   |  6 Pages Caribbean culture is affected greatly by migration. The foundation of Caribbean culture was based on the forced migration of African people, indentured east-Indian workers, the migration and colonization’s of European powers like the Spanish, British, and French. The history of each island is individually different but they all share the foundation of a syncretism for development each nation’s culture. Over time how individuals would migrate from country to country has changed a lot, especiallyRead MoreThe World Cup Of The Middle Of A Crowd Singing1628 Words   |  7 Pagescah we name World Cup!† Every Friday night at ten o’clock, I find myself in the middle of a crowd singing these lyrics at the top of my lungs. Comfortable vibes, nice music, and people from all over Broward and Miami-Dade County, gather at Runway Doral to represent their beautiful Caribbean nationalities. As I dance to the soca music and sing along to Popcaan’s â€Å"World Cupâ⠂¬ , I always find myself appreciating my culture more than ever before. With my hands in the air, and my mind far from reality, I

College Essay Examples - How to Write Good Essays

<h1>College Essay Examples - How to Write Good Essays</h1><p>The motivation behind composing an elegantly composed school paper model is to show the understudy what is anticipated from that person. Composing a decent exposition is the hardest piece of the entire procedure. Understudies are required to compose great articles, so they ought to be guided by the models given by the school tutors.</p><p></p><p>All understudies ought to believe the kind of exposition guides to be remembered for their task. A few understudies are alright with composing short papers, while others need to compose long and point by point articles. Along these lines, it is important to check the kinds of expositions they are writing so as to get the best ones. Regardless of what the understudy's ideal degree of trouble, the school's rules on expositions will help.</p><p></p><p>The directions are given by the mentor for their understudies, so the understudy needs to tail them cautiously. One thing that understudies should focus on is the composing style. Every understudy is extraordinary and has their own strategy for composing. It is critical to know the kind of composing style that suits the understudy the best.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous approaches to tell which technique is best for the understudy. For example, understudies who are accustomed to composing short papers may make some hard memories understanding the extensive one, except if the individual has a model for it. Utilizing a model for each progression is useful and the understudy can allude to it whenever so as to comprehend the progression the person is writing.</p><p></p><p>While composing a long exposition will require an understudy to have a decent memory, the information on legitimate composing style is required for understanding perception. Perusing perception includes perceiving the subject of the expos ition, following the passages, featuring the catchphrases, and so on. It is additionally important to have appropriate syntax aptitudes. An understudy who doesn't have the foggiest idea how to shape right sentences can wind up not getting any opportunity to complete the assignment.</p><p></p><p>When planning for a numerous decision article, it is ideal to require some investment to peruse however much as could reasonably be expected on the theme. Numerous books are accessible on different themes and permit understudies to find out about the subject and discover what is instructed in class. The utilization of this asset is a decent method to get the understudy acquainted with the subject of the essay.</p><p></p><p>When doing research for exposition models, understudies should look at online destinations. A portion of the destinations have models from the class they just took, however there are others where the understudy can get bunches of models. One reason why understudies can get models from online locales is on the grounds that they are free. They don't need to pay anything to utilize them.</p><p></p><p>When composing an elegantly composed school article models, the understudy ought to be mindful so as not to wander from the specific rules that were given to the person in question. To begin with, the understudy should peruse the guidelines from the coaches completely. This will guarantee that the person in question doesn't commit any errors when composing the essay.</p>

Chevening Scholarship For Students - The Right Questions To Answer When Writing Your Essay

<h1>Chevening Scholarship For Students - The Right Questions To Answer When Writing Your Essay</h1><p>The Chevening Scholarship for understudies is a German grant for understudies to concentrate in Germany. It has four inquiries, which you should reply and offer your responses to the inquiries. These four inquiries are extremely significant and ought to be addressed precisely on the off chance that you need the Chevening Scholarship for understudies to be directly for you.</p><p></p><p>A parcel of Scholarship for understudies exposition tests have these four inquiries however there are others that don't. Hence you have to experience the paper tests and locate the one with the right inquiries. There are a great deal of the Chevening Scholarship for understudies that do exclude any inquiries whatsoever. This is the thing that you have to do.</p><p></p><p>Most of the Chevening Scholarship for understudies exposition tests that you will go over have an inappropriate inquiries, so it is significant that you locate the ones that do. There are a great deal of the Chevening Scholarship for understudies that should have the correct inquiries, yet they don't. It is significant that you get the right inquiries for your essay.</p><p></p><p>There is other Chevening Scholarship for understudies article tests that you will go over, which don't have the correct inquiries and you will make some extreme memories getting them. That is the reason it is significant that you read the exposition tests cautiously and ensure that you are utilizing the correct inquiries. This will make it a lot simpler for you to compose an exposition on the points that you need to compose about.</p><p></p><p>Another significant thing that you have to know is that the Chevening Scholarship for understudies just gives out $3000. That implies that you should compose your article on a point tha t has the most noteworthy measure of cash being offered to you. This is the reason it is significant that you can think of a smart thought for your essay.</p><p></p><p>A part of the Chevening Scholarship for understudies exposition tests that you will run over will request that you compose on a subject that you are as of now acquainted with. In this way, it is significant that you don't feel great on the subject that you have been as of now expounding on. In the event that you are not happy with it, at that point you have to transform it so it will be not the same as different ones that you have composed on.</p><p></p><p>When searching for the Chevening Scholarship for understudies, you should search for the article tests that don't have the inquiries and that have the correct inquiries. You additionally need to search for the exposition tests that do have the inquiries. So in the event that you don't have any thought how to address th e inquiries, at that point you have to go to a Chevening Scholarship for understudies site and perceive how they are noting the questions.</p><p></p><p>It may take you some time to discover the Chevening Scholarship for understudies article tests that have the correct inquiries and those that don't. That is the reason it is significant that you read a great deal of Scholarship for understudies article tests and see what they are inquiring. Perusing numerous articles by others will get you out in light of the fact that they are the ones who will be giving you input on your essay.</p>

Essay Examples on the Book Racism in College Athletics

Essay Examples on the Book Racism in College AthleticsA little help with essay examples on the book racism in college athletics would be a great aid in writing a well written and concise essay that will make you stand out in your class. While you are doing the homework, try to become familiar with some of the different examples of essay examples that are used in various essays and papers.When you have learned the ideas you will need to use them in examples, but remember, there are many examples and not all of them will be used in every essay you write. This is where getting some practice and studying will be useful. Try to use the examples in as many different ways as possible and see what will work for you.When it comes to discussing the topic of racism and some of the negative effects it has had on the lives of some people in professional sports, you will find several different examples that you can use in your essay. The most common examples are when the life of a player or an ath lete is taken away from them because of their race. Some examples would include the lives of Jackie Robinson and Frank White. Both of these players were considered to be the best players in their sport for years, but their race put a great deal of stress on their families and their ability to play.Some examples would also involve a student athlete. The negative effect of racism is carried into the school that the student plays at for a long time, which may lead to emotional issues that affect the life of the student athlete. The example of the baseball star Ty Cobb is an example of this.Some schools have a long history of racism in sports, but many times the effect is not visible until someone makes a major, life-changing decision, such as leaving a high paying job in order to play professional baseball. A good example would be the opportunity Jackie Robinson took advantage of to leave racial discrimination in his home country of South Africa. His example was a big step in the freed om of African Americans.Many people think that racism is a problem that only happens in other countries, but racism is also found in many aspects of society. It can show up in the housing industry, in hiring practices, in college athletics, and even in the workplace. There are many examples that can be used as part of essay examples on the book racism in college athletics.Using essay examples on the book racism in college athletics to talk about racism is not limited to one area of society. The same ideas will be used as part of the writing process for all students to understand the history of racism and how it has affected us. You may think it is a difficult concept to grasp, but think about the fact that we are all affected by it.Students should consider using examples of racism throughout the course of the semester to show the wider world about what racism is, why it is wrong, and how it can be stopped. Even though it is a painful subject, there are many students who are willing to discuss it because they are willing to learn. Students will benefit from talking about the history of racism and how it has affected others, especially in this day and age.

Health Care Essay Topics For High School Students

Health Care Essay Topics For High School StudentsThere are many different essay topics for high school students, especially if you want to do them online. Some topics are given by instructors while others you can create yourself. No matter which way you choose to write your essays, they are easy to complete and the opinions that you present in them are yours alone.Health care essay topics for high school students generally focus on an illness or a disease, their causes, or the ramifications of the illness. You should always keep your essay focused on the disease or illness itself and not on you or how you got it. You may also wish to focus on the pain of the illness, or to explain how you have come to cope with it.You should keep in mind that health care is a very broad topic, and you should only cover as much as you need to get a decent college grade. Your college will have different needs than your high school, so keep your topics brief and simple. Some topics may be therapeutic (t o improve, cure, etc.) but do not attempt to explain anything beyond this.Health care for people with disabilities is always a topic that is given special attention, although there are specific areas that you need to cover as well. You should discuss the reason why the disability affected your life, as well as what you have done to help yourself or others with the disability. One example would be a child who developed asthma after being exposed to a certain chemical at a daycare center. The instructor may be very interested in discussing this, because it is such a specific case.It is very important that when you write health care essay topics for high school students, you do not focus on other people's health concerns. You should allow them to be the ones who decide how they would like to be treated and discuss only your own health needs. If you choose to write about another person's health concerns, ensure that they are not facts, because they will take the focus away from your own .Health care essay topics for high school students should also be brief and simple. They should not be long or rambling, as this will make it hard for you to present a compelling opinion. Instead, it is good to write about a situation, and then write a little about the effects of that situation.The health care essay for high school students should have some sort of ending. It should summarize the essay topics for high school students, and that should also be the end. You do not want to overdo it, though, because there are far too many high school students who put in far too much work and then get disappointed when their essays have no positive results.Some topics for health care essay topics for high school students include; natural cures for illnesses, treatments for rare diseases, and on the drug addiction. In most cases, these topics will be quite complex and require a student to spend years studying on it.

Notes on Lecture Principles of Economics Free Essays

Book: Principles of Economics (N. Gregory Mankiw) http://admin. wadsworth. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Lecture Principles of Economics or any similar topic only for you Order Now com/resource_uploads/static_resources/0324168624/8413/Mankiw_TenPrinciple_Videos. html Introduction economy: Greek: the one who manages the household scarcity: the limited nature of society`s resources economics: the study of how society manages it? s scarce resources economy: a group of people interacting with one another as they go about their lives important: management of society? s resources; resources are scare most societies, resources are allocated not by a single household, but through the combined action of millions of households and firms Economist: study how people make decisions: how much they must work; what they buy; how much they save; how they invest their savings, how people interact with each other; also analyze forces and trends that effect the economy as a whole, including the growth in average income and the rate at which prices are rising; Ten Principles of Economics: How people make decisions: #1 People face tradeoffs â€Å"There is no such thing as a free l unch. † To get one desired thing, usually required giving up another desired thing: making decisions ( trading off one goal against another e. : How I spend my money (save/invest); The subject I want to study; The job I want to work in; The meal I am going to have; The place where I want to live or to study abroad †¦ classical tradeoffs: â€Å"guns butter†; (e. g. reducing pollution vs. low wages and high producing costs) â€Å"efficiency equity† : conflicts when government policies are being designed efficiency: the property of society getting the most it can from it`s scarce sources (size of economic pie) equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society (how the pie is divided) 2 The cost of something is what you give up to get it because people face tradeoffs, making decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action; (often cost of some item not as obvious: e. g. all the inco ming cost when decided to study: money time) opportunity cost: whatever must be given to obtain some item (How much do I have to give up = measure for the trade-off) e. g. start a Master`s Course or not: alternatives (opportunity costs: working; work travel; another Bachelor; Internship; (each decision causes new Costs. marginal costs? ); #3 Rational People think of the Margin e. g. examination: not black white: blow of vs: 24h studying ( decisions are shades of gray (airline) e. g. average cots of seat: $500, marginal cost: bag of peanuts soda (e. g. $20) marginal changes: small incremental (schrittweise, zunehmend) adjustments to a plan of action (adjustments around the edge of what you are doing) e. g. thinking of the alternatives of not proceeding with a Master`s course (opp. Cost), but start to work directly after the B. A. ( marginal costs: lower wage; less career possibilities; marginal benefits: a wage at all; BUT: only profitable when marginal benefit of the action exce eds the marginal costs #4 People respond to incentives although comparing costs benefits (c b) behaviour may change when costs or benefit change ( d. h. people respond to incentives effect of price on the behaviour of buyers sellers is crucial e. g. price of an apple rises: buyer: decide to buy pears; fewer apples bec. cost of buying apple is higher; sellers: hire more workers harvest more apples bec. enefit of selling one is higher e. g. policy changes: tax on gasoline: encourage people to drive smaller, more fuel-efficient cars or public transportation etc. ( when analyzing policy we must consider not only the direct effects but also the indirect effects that work through incentives (e. g seat belt law); if the policy changes incentives, it will cause people to alter their behaviour e. g. when receiving an income parents (money) for studying it might change the incentive to work and earn own money How people interact: #5 Trade can make everyone better off rade bw. Two countrie s can make each country better off; e. g. each family in the economy is competing with all other families (despite comp: family would not be better off isolating itself; but gains much from its ability to trade with others) ( trade allows each person (country) to specialize in the activities he or she does best; by trading with others, people can buy a greater variety of goods and services at lower costs e. g. #6 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity . firms decide whom to hire what to make ouseholds decide which firms to work for what to buy with their incomes; ( these firms households interact in the marketplace, where prices self-interest guide decisions; in a market economy nobody is looking put for economic well-being society as a whole; free markets contain many buyers sellers of numerous goods services; all primarily own well-being; ( yet: despite decentralized decisionmaking and self-interested decisionmakers; market economies have proven success ful in organizing economic activity in a way that promotes overall economic ell-being ( invisible hand (Adam Smith: 1776): does not ensure that economic prosperity is distributed fairly ( prices are the instrument with which the invisible hand directs economic activity; ( price have to adjust naturally to supply and demand! ( Prices reflect both: value of a good to society the cost to society of making the good ( bec. ouseholds firms look at prices when deciding what to buy sell: unknowingly consider the social benefits costs of their own actions; ( prices guide these individual decisionmakers to reach outcomes that often maximize the welfare of society as a whole; market economy: an economy that allocates (zuteilen) resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services (vs: centrally planned economies, like in communism); #7 Government can sometimes improve market outcomes or two broad reasons: ( to promote efficiency and equity: most policies aim either enlarge the economic pie, or to change how it`s devided; invisible hand usually leads markets to allocate resources efficiently, but sometimes it does not work for various reasons: ( market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own, fails to allocate resources efficiently (Marktversagen) one possible reason: ( externality: the impact of one person`s actions on the well-being of a bystander (unbeteiligter Dritter e. g. pollution (external cost) or creation of knowledge (external benefit) (Externalitat) another possible reason: arket power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices (Marktmacht) (e. g. only one well: monopoly ( regulation of the price by the government can potentially enhance economic efficiency) How they economy as a whole works #8 A country`s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services the growth rate of a countries` productivity determines the growth rate of its average income productivity: the amount of goods and services produces from each hour of a worker`s time undamental relationship bw. productivity living standards is simple, but: its implications are far-reaching! #9 Prices rise when the government prints to much money e. g. 1921: German newspaper: 0,30 Mark; 1923: 70,000,000 Mark ( inflation inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy (Anstieg des Preisniveaus der Volkswirtschaft) reason: growth in the quantity of the money: reduces value of the money bec. high inflations imposes various costs on society, keeping inflation at a low level is a goal of economic policymakers around the world 10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment Phillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment reducing an inflation is often thought to cause a temporary rise in unemployment over a period o f a year or two, many economic policies push inflation and unemployment both start out at high levels; short-time trade-off bec. some prices are slow to adjust; (prices are sticky in the short-run) ( various types of policy have short-run effects, that differ from their long-run effects: when gov. educes the quantity of money, it reduces the amount that people spend; Lower spending together with prices that are stuck too high reduces the quantity of goods services that firms sell; Lower sales in turn, cause firms to lay off workers ( unemployment [pic] #1 People face tradeoffs #2 The cost of something is what you give up to get it #3 Rational People think of the Margin #4 People respond to incentives #5 Trade can make everyone better off #6 Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity #7 Government can sometimes improve market outcomes 8 A country`s standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods and services #9 Prices rise when the government prints to m uch money #10. Society faces a short-run trade-off between inflation and unemployment Mon. 17/10/11 Lecture 2 THINK LIKE AN ECONOMIST Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions how they interact in markets Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment and economic growth (p. 7) ( since they address different questions, they sometimes take different approaches and are often taught in separate courses; Two Functions of Economists: – 1. (try to explain the world) scientists: devise theories; collect, evaluate analyze data ( to verify or refute theory; have own terminology; – 2: policy adviser: if Economists try to explain the world, they are scientists; if economists try to change the world they are advisers. † (book) make positive statement (claim): describing real world, model, outcome†¦without valuing: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is: are testable with data †¢ make n ormative statement (claim): about how the world should be (personal opinion): claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be: are not testable with only data (involves our views of religion, ethics, political philosphy) †¢ (may be related: our positive views about how the world works affect our normative views about how the world should be; essence of science: scientific method: the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works – scientific method: observation, theory more observation – Ec. use theory observation but face obstacles when it comes to experiments; – Substitute for laboratory: attention on natural experiments offered by history (e. g. the effect on the natural resource of oil during a war on the prices all over the world and on policy makers, gives Ec. good opportunity to study the effects of a key natural resource on the world`s economies; The role of Assumptions: – can make the world easier to understand – e. g. to study effect of international trade, we may assume the world consists of only two countries with each producing only two goods ( to focus our thinking ( helps understand the real more complex world – the art is, which assumption to make: different assumptions for different problems ( e. g. for studying the short-run and long-run effects of a change in the quantity of money requires different assumptions (p. 22) 3 types of models: abstract, formel, simplification of reality to understand basic correlation: if it does: good model) 1. purly theoretical (statistical) 2. purly empirical (with data, data drift) 3. combination of the two – In the model: own terminology is incorporated; built with assumptions (not judging on the assumptions; realistic: think of paper airplane; judge by the output not by the input), irrelevant questions are assumed away 1. First type of model: most simple model of market economy: THE CIRCULAR-FLOW DIAGRAM pic] ( a visual model of economy that shows how money flows through markets among households and firms – 2 types of decisionmakers: households firms – firms produce goods services using inputs (labor, land, capital) ( factors of production (natural resources, land, knowledge, labor, human capital, machinery.. ) – households own the factors of production consume all the goods services the firms produce – households firms interact in 2 types of market inner loop: represents the flow of goods services between households firms: households sell the use of their labor, land capital to the firms in the market for the factors of production; firms use these factors to produce goods and services, which in turn are sold to households in the market for g s; ( the factors of production flow from households to firms; goods services flow from firms to households; – outer loop: represents the correspond ing flow of money to buy g s from the firms; firms use some of the revenue from these sales to pay for the factors of production (e. . wages of workers); what is left is the profit of the firm owners, who themselves are members of the households; – value of factors of production is same as value of g s – if that is true: value of goods services = value of factors of production – (green is so called: real economic activity) – causality runs in both ways (no real beginning or end ( circle) – economic models are often composed of diagrams and equations ——————————- Why do economists disagree: . Disagreement about validity of alternative theories about how the world works; disagreement about positive statements (differences in scientific judgments); but also often about the data; when no data exists that supports ones theory or when different data are used 2. Scientists have differ ent values; different normative statements about what policy should try to accomplish ( but choosing the positive statement and theory and specific type of date etc. s already bec. of normative reasons (sort of mixture exists); Lecture 3, Mon 24/10/11 2. Second Type of Model: THE PRODUCTION POSSIBILITY FRONTIER (PPF) Fig. 1 [pic] ( shows the combination of output that economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology. The economy can produce any combination on or inside the frontier. Points outside the frontier are not feasibly given the economy`s resources; – e. g. n economy that produces only cars and computers; – if all resources were used in the car industry ( economy would produce 1000 cars 0 PCs – if all resources were used in the PC industry ( economy would produce 3000 PCs 0 cars – if economy were to divide its resources between the two industries ( 700 cars 2000 PCs – outcomes at point D are not possible because of scarce resources: economy does not have enough factors of production to support that level of output; – efficient outcome: when economy is getting all it can get from its scarce resources that are available; points ON the frontier represent efficient levels of production (rather than inside); – when economy is producing at such a point (on the frontier) e. g. point A, there is no way it could produce more of one good, without producing less of the other – inefficient outcome: all combination of outcomes inside the frontier, e. g. point B; for some reasons e. g. idespread unemployment, the economy produces less than it could from the resources it has available: (300 cars 1000 PCs); if source of inefficiency were eliminated, economy could move from point B to A, increasing production of both cars PCs; ( People face tradeoffs: PPF shows one tradeoff society faces: once we have reached the frontier, the only way of getting m ore of one good is producing less of the other (e. g. producing more PCs at the expense of producing less cars) ( The cost of something is what you have to give up (opp. cost): PPF shows the opportunity cost of one good as measured as measured in term of the other good (e. g. the opportunity cost of producing 200 more PCs is a 100 cars); Fig. 2 [pic] ( A SHIFT IN THE PPF: an economic advance in the computer industry shifts the PPF outward increasing the number of cars and computers the economy can produce – Fig. : PPF is bowed outward (can also be bowed inward): means: the opportunity cost of cars in terms of computers depends on how much of each good the economy is producing; – When economy uses most of resources to produce cars ( PPF is quite steep – Because even workers machines best suited to making PCs are being used to make cars, the economy gets a substantial increase in the number of computers for each car it gives up; – By contrast: when economy is using most of its resources to make computers the PPF is quite flat; resource best suited to make PCs are already in the computer industry and each car the economy gives up yields only a small increase in the number of PCs; ( – Slope of the PPF represents how much of one item you have to give up to produce the other item Videos for PPF: – http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=KPHyvOn8i6sfeature=related – http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=a5rxIY46J7s TRADE No. 5: Trade can make everyone better off: WHY ( – We have specialization, which has a downside: we are interdependent! e. g. I`m depending on someone who is making bread; – why should people be willing to depend on the behavior of others: because. people choose freely to become dependent ( so there must be some sort of benefit from it e. g. 2 producers (agents) – one producer: potato farmer ( potatoes (2 goods) – cattle rancher ( meat |Good |Minutes/hours |8 hours/day |Marginal oppo rtunity cost of | | | | | |meat/potato | |Farmer |Meat |60 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 1 oz |Meat = 8 oz |- 4 oz of pot. = 32/8 | | |Potatoes |15 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 4 oz |Potatoes = 32 oz |- 1/4 oz of meat = 8/32 | |Rancher |Meat |20 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz |Meat = 24 oz |- 2 oz of pot. = 48/24 | | |Potatoes |10 min. 1 oz = 1h for 6 oz |Potatoes = 48 oz |- 1/2 oz of meat = 24/48 | | | | | |Unit: | | | |oz of potato | |oz of potato | | | |oz of meat | |8h (48/24) | | | | | | | ( How do people decide on what to produce? – more time for farmer to produce meat ( rancher is better/more productive – what are the marginal opportunity costs: how much meat does a farmer have to give up i. o. to get 1 unit of potatoes; – by reducing production of potatoes he would have more time to produce meat; but 1 oz meat requires. 4 oz of potatoes; – but it`s just a linear relation ship – how much has the farmer to give up in order to get 1 more unit of meat! (what is oppo rtunity cost)? rancher has a comparative advantage: is less productive in producing potatoes; but farmer is even less productive in producing meat: derived from comparing the marginal opportunity cost ( Comparative advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost (who has the lower one? ) ( or absolute advantage for one product, when both produce more in time: ( Absolute advantage: the comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity 1. Marginal opportunity cost of meat for each person is the inverse of the marginal opportunity cost of potatoes! ( try to measure one good in terms of the VALUE of the other good 2. Production consumption are no more equal like in autarky |Good |Minutes |8 hours/day |Marginal opportunity cost of | | | | | |meat/potatoes | |Farmer |Meat |60 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 1 oz |Meat = 8 oz |- 6 oz pot. = 48/8 | | |Potatoes |10 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 6 oz |Potatoes = 48 oz |- 0. 16 oz of meat = 8/48 | |Ranc her |Meat |20 min. = 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz |Meat = 24 oz |- 1 oz of pot. = 24/24 | | |Potatoes |20 min. 1 oz = 1h for 3 oz |Potatoes = 24 oz |-1 oz of meat = 24/24 | | | | | | | | | |oz of potato | |Unit: oz of pot | | | |oz of meat | |8h (48/24) | | | | | | | ( The rancher has an absolute advantage because he is more productive than the farmer Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) oz of meat 8 4 16 32 oz of pot ( p = c ( production = consumption) without trade (autarky) ( c bigger p (with trade consume more than can produce) – if I already produce y meat, I can only produce y below the line is a waste of time; and the line shows efficiency in terms of productivity and time, – slope is opportunity cost; usually slope changes depending on where I am already ( Overall conclusion: farmer should produce potatoes while the farmer should produce meat; Assuming each of persons would split the time of production Farmer Rancher (without trade) p = c autarky meat prod. 4 oz 12 o z consumption 4 oz 12 oz potatoes prod. 16 oz 24 oz consumption 16 oz 24 oz meat pot. 0 oz = 30 oz (or changing the price: 34 oz; but relative price must be higher than opportunity cost to trade at all; if he gets more from the trade than in the production, he would not produce and just trade) farmer rancher with trade meat prod. 0 oz 24 oz (18 oz) consumption 5 oz 19 oz (13 oz) potatoes prod. 32 oz 0 oz (12 oz) consumption 17 oz 15 oz (gives up 15 oz) (27 oz) although the farmer has to give up something, he is a little bit better off with trade – the rancher is not better of because he consumes less potatoes than in autarky ( (now: the rancher gets more in term of meat AND in terms of potatoes) – can be applied to countries as well; rough explanation for international trade patterns (e. g when countries exporting cars and importing oil ( country has comparative advantage in producing cars) Questions to be answered: – so define what comparative absolute advanta ge – show in production possibility frontier – who is producing what NOTES FOR EXERCISES FROM OTHER E. G. CHAPTER 2: Demand – How to define these words properly (definition can only be appropriate or not; not right or wrong); it`s not a question of personal disposition What is a Market: A group of people: suppliers (sellers) and buyers (demand) of particular good or service (does not mean that it`s particularly defined or unique; – no general identification strategy; – competitive market: each buyer and seller (individual) has a negligible effect on the market outcome (infinite no. of sellers and buyers) – implications of perfect competitive markets: buyers and sellers operate economically perfect (take price as given)? ( e. g. we have no influence over the price: take the price as given in a supermarket (no bargaining; no negotiation) ( buyers and sellers are both price takers – in monopolies: price taker vs. price setter Perfect Mar ket and Competitive Market Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopson, Monopolistic Competition DEMAND Quantity Demanded: is the amount of a good, that buyers are willing and able to purchase (now) Law of Demand: States that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when price of the good rises (slopes downward) Demand Schedule: The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded. Demand Curve: Q(p) = p ( function of p (y (x) = 2x): if price changes, the Qd changes MARKET DEMAND vs. INDIVIDUAL DEMAND ( everybody has a single demand: the sum of it = market demand (for a special good demanded) ( demands are added horizontally [pic] Changes in Quantity Demanded: ( result in an movement ON the curve, caused by a change in the price of the product [pic] Examples for incentives that induce a changed Qd: 1. PRICE (given as a variable on the demand curve) 2. Consumer income:normal good: I increase ( Qd decrease; I decrease ( Qd decrease inferior good: I increase ( Qd decrease; I decrease ( Qd increase Normal Good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand Inferior Good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand 3. Price of related goods: Substitutes: two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other (e. g. orange juice apple juice): P increase ( Qd increase; P decrease ( Qd decrease Complements: two good for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand of the other (e. g. DVDs DVD-Players): P increase ( Qd decrease; P decrease ( Qd increase 4. Tastes (fashion, food): economists only examine what happens when tastes change 5. Expectations: may affect demand of a good or service today 6. Number of Buyers: determines the Qd in a market: NoB increase ( Qd increase; NoB decrease ( Qd decrease [pic] ( result in a shifts in the demand curve: when Qd changes because of certain circumstances. But price doesn`t change!!! ( not only price can change demand: a shift in the demand either to left (decrease) or the right (increase) ( caused by any change that alters the demand: everything except the price!! [pic] SUPPLY Quantity supplied (Qs): is the amount of a good that sellers are willing or able to sell (now) Law of supply: states that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the other good rises (slopes upward: positively related) Supply schedule: is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity supplied [pic] – usually the small â€Å"q† refers to the individual supply (a firm) and the â€Å"Q† refers to the market supply (all firms in the market – market supply: refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service: ( individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve – ( S(p) = S1(p) + S2 (p) +†¦ Sm(p) [pic] the sum of 2 individual supplies ($2 ( 3 cones; $ 2 ( 4 cones = $ 2 ( 7 cones in the market supply – if the suppliers (sellers) drop out of the market, the supply would increase with the price â€⠀œ (the supply curve represents the set of profit maximizing quantities for firms) – e. g supply function: q(s) = -4 + 8p; 0 = -4 + 8; 8p = 4; p = ? ( is the minimum price required to get any firm to produce at all (within this given supply curve) ( if the price would be below ? the quantity supplied would be 0, so there would be no firm to produce at all; – slope: change in price divided by change in quantity: e. g. 0 – ? : 4 – 0 = 1/8 (slope), which doesn`t change when the function is linear!! Change in the quantity supplied: – A rise in the price of ice cream results in a movement along the curve (law of supply), so when price changes nothing shifts!! – Shifts of the upply curve: Determinants of change in supply: – Any change that raises the quantity that sellers wish to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the right. Any change that lowers the quantity that sellers wish to produce at a given price shifts the supply curve to the left [pic] 1. Input prices: (labor, material, land, rent: anything that goes into the manufacturing process of the item in question): Input Pr. increase ( S decrease; Input Pr. decrease ( S increase 2. Technology: Technology increase ( S increase; Technology decrease ( S decrease: Techn. In economic terms is the process by which inputs are converted to outputs; 3. Expectations: supply today depends on future expectations: e. g. when higher price of ice-cream expected in future ( store some ice cream ( supply less today! 4. Number of sellers (only relevant in market supply) [pic] Supply and Demand together: Equilibrium: a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance (quantity supplied equals quantity demanded Equilibrium Price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded. On a graph it it’s the price, where demand and supply curves intersect Equilibrium Quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price has adjusted to balance supply and demand [pic] Ceterius Paribus: other things being equal (latin): all variables other than the one being studied are assumed to be constant Markets Not in Equilibrium A)B) [pic] [pic] Surplus: A situation in which the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded Shortage: A situation in which the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied Law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance – A): when price for ice cream is over the equilibrium price ( quantity demanded is still 4, but the quantity supplied rises to 10 ( there are too many cones produced which can`t be all sold (surplus) bec. f the low demand; ( sellers have to reduce the price again; (prices continues to fall until market reaches equlibrium) – B): when price for ice cream is below the equilibrium price ( quantity supplied 4 exceeds quantity demanded, which is now at 10 (shortage of the good); ( sellers can raise the p rices without losing sales; as prices are rising the market moves again toward the equilibrium – market activity of many buyers sellers automatically pushes prices toward equil. (law of s d) – Once equil. is reached all buyers sellers are satisfied no upward or downward pressure on price Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in The Equilibrium analyzing the change in the market equilibrium through comparative statistics – comparing two statistics: new and old equilibrium – Three steps to decide: – 1. Does event shift the supply curve, the demand curve, or both? – 2. Does the curve shifts to the left or the right side? – 3. Using the supply-and-demand diagram to examine how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity A) HOW AN INCREASE IN DEMAND AFFECTS THE EQUILIBRIUM. An event that raises quantity demanded at any given price shifts the demand curve to the right. The equilibrium price and the equilibrium quantity both rise. Here, an abnormally hot summer causes buyers to demand more ice cream. The demand curve shifts from D1 to D2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2. 00 to $2. 50 and the equilibrium quantity to rise from 7 to 10 cones. A)B) [pic][pic] B) HOW A DECREASE IN SUPPLY AFFECTS THE EQUILIBRIUM. An event that reduces quantity supplied at any given price shifts the supply curve to the left. The equilibrium price rises, and the equilibrium quantity falls. Here, an earthquake causes sellers to supply less ice cream. The supply curve shifts from S1 to S2, which causes the equilibrium price to rise from $2. 00 to $2. 50 and the equilibrium quantity to fall from 7 to 4 cones. Shifts in the Curve vs. Movements along the Curve: Notice that when hot weather drives up the price of ice cream, the quantity of ice cream that firms supply rises, even though the supply curve remains the same. In this case, economists say there has been an increase in â€Å"quantity supplied† but no change in â€Å"supply. † â€Å"Supply† refers to the position of the supply curve, whereas the â€Å"quantity sup- plied† refers to the amount suppliers wish to sell. To summarize, a shift in the supply curve is called a â€Å"change in supply,† and a shift in the demand curve is called a â€Å"change in demand. † A movement along a fixed supply curve is called a â€Å"change in the quantity supplied,† and a movement along a fixed demand curve is called a â€Å"change in the quantity demanded. † [pic][pic] A SHIFT IN BOTH SUPPLY AND DEMAND. Here we observe a simultaneous increase in demand and decrease in supply. Two outcomes are possible. In panel (a), the equilibrium price rises from P1 to P2, and the equilibrium quantity rises from Q1 to Q2. (bec. large increase in demand and small decrease in supply) In panel (b), the equilibrium price again rises from P1 to P2, but the equilibrium quantity falls from Q1 to Q2. (because small increase in demand and large decrease in supply) [pic] [pic] NOTES: Elasticity – measures the responsivness for to the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied to a change in the market price by 1 % – measures percentage change in the quantity to a percentage change in price (or other determinants) Price Elasticity of Demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. Determinants of Price Elasticity of Demand: (How do we react to price changes? ) 1. Necessities vs. Luxury goods (depends on personal perception but in general terms: inelastic vs. elastic); e. g. Food, shelter, clothes vs. diamonds, sailboats etc†¦ 2. Availability of close substitute (few vs. less = inelastic vs. elastic) 3. Market Definition (broad vs. narrowed; e. g. Cars vs. Ford Focus; Food vs. Bread†¦) 4. Time Horizon (short vs. long; e. g. the adjustment over a short period of time to gasoline price changes vs. long period of time) How to cite Notes on Lecture Principles of Economics, Papers

The Bloody Chamber free essay sample

They are closely linked throughout the story, through a variety of writing techniques. The symbolism of the ‘ruby choker’ is very significant, and it is arguably the key image which links the two themes together. Carter initially presents the ‘slit throat’ to the audience, with some context on the violent meaning behind it – after the Terror, wearing a red ribbon symbolised a wound. In this description, many references are made to beheading, using terms such as ‘blade[†¦] sliced it through’ and ‘crimson[†¦] arterial blood’. Considering the intentions of the character of the Marquis, this is greatly foreshadowing and extremely violent. Carter’s writing techniques vary between a lack of description, such as the consummation of the main characters’ marriage, and a lot of description, such as the imagery of the ‘ruby choker’. This is because Carter aims to emphasise the importance of the symbolism of subtle images in her stories, as they provide a lot of meaning and various interpretations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Bloody Chamber or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ‘ruby choker’ also symbolises sex. The colour imagery of the red rubies does not only symbolise danger, but can be associated with sensuality. The term ‘choker’, on the other hand, can link the two themes through its multiple interpretations. For example, the obvious explanation for choking someone would be to do them harm. However, it is also common, especially in Carter’s stories, for choking to play a part in sex – in fact, the term for ‘orgasm’ in French, translates to ‘a small death’, and as the story is set in France, this becomes very relevant and supports the argument that the two themes are greatly linked. Therefore, when the Marquis ‘made [her] put on [her] choker’ during the consummation of their marriage, it immediately causes the audience to associate sex with the violent image that was initially presented along with ‘ruby choker’. Furthermore, this link is emphasised to its full extent at the end of the story, when the protagonist’s death ‘ritual’, parallelly mirrors the consummation of their marriage. She is, again, ordered to put on ‘the necklace that prefigures [her] end’, the Marquis ‘ripped [her] dress’ and exclaimed that they ‘shall have absolute privacy’ and he ‘twisted [her] hair into a rope’ ‘as he had done once before’. Even though some readers would argue that the two scenes differ, in the sense that one to derive pleasure in the female character and the other harm, other readers would argue that that is not the case, as the consummation of their marriage is far too similar to the protagonist’s violent death ‘ritual’. The idea that it was a negative experience is presented through the narrator’s use of language – words such as ‘shrilling’, ‘fighting’, ‘struggle’, ‘deathly’ and ‘shatter’ are used throughout, and female character’s description of this experience, concludes with her lying in a room which resembled an ‘embalming parlour’. This creates an image of murder in the readers’ minds, which as a result, links the themes of sex and violence inextricably. Carter’s symbolism of the Marquis’ ‘prayerbooks’ is another disturbing image, which links the two themes together. Violent terms such as ‘cunt’ and ‘prick’ are used to describe the pornography that is shown in the books, and one particular piece contains the term ‘Immolation’ in its title. Whereas this would have been very shocking and completely unacceptable to the readers of the time, a modern audience may argue that this link between sex and violence is merely a fetish, due to the increasing exposure to and availability of pornography in media, on the internet, etc. The character of Marquis refers to these books as his ‘prayerbooks’, which suggests that he worships the idea of violent sex, and therefore allows the readers to argue that Carter links the themes of sex and violence in the story of ‘The Bloody Chamber’ only through the use of the character of the Marquis. For example, when the main character’s mother comes to the rescue at the end of the story and puts ‘a single, irreproachable bullet through [her] husband’s head’, the violent imagery has no connotations or references to sex whatsoever. Instead, it is presented matter-of-factly, making it seem cold hearted and violent. As a result, it is therefore fair to argue that sex and violence are linked through Carter’s portrayal of the character of the Marquis, and if it was not for him, then these two themes would not be linked.